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PALE BLUE DOT
A VISION OF THE HUMAN FUTURE IN SPACE
CARL SAGAN
FOR SAM
Another wanderer；
May your generation see
Wonders undreamt。
SPACECRAFT EXPLORATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
NOTABLE EARLY ACHIEVEMENTS
UNITED STATES
1958 First scientific discovery in space…Van Allen radiation belt （Explorer 1）
1959 First television images of the Earth from space （Explorer 6）
1962 First scientific discovery in interplanetary space …direct observation of the solar wind （Mariner 2）
1962 First scientifically successful planetary mission （Mariner 2 to Venus）
1962 First astronomical observatory in space （OSO…1）
1968 First manned orbit of another world （Apollo 8 to the Moon）
1969 First landing of humans on another world （Apollo 11 to the Moon）
1969 First samples returned to Earth from another world （Apollo 11 to the Moon）
1971 First manned roving vehicle on another world （Apollo 15 to the Moon）
1971 First spacecraft to orbit another planet （Mariner 9 to Mars）
1973 First flyby of Jupiter （Pioneer 10）
1974 First dual…planet mission （Mariner 10 to Venus and Mercury）
1974 First flyby of Mercury （Mariner 10）
1976 First successful Mars landing； first spacecraft to search for life on another planet （Viking 1）
1977 First flybys of Saturn （Pioneer 11）
1981 First manned reusable spacecraft （STS…1）
1980…1984 First satellite to be retrieved； repaired； and redeployed in space （Solar Maximum Mission）
1985 First distant etary encounter （International etary Explorer to et Giacobini…Zinner）
1986 First flyby of Uranus （Voyager 2）
1989 First flyby of Neptune （Voyager 2）
1992 First detection of the heliopause （Voyager）
1992 First encounter with a main…belt asteroid （Galileo to Gaspra）
1994 First detection of a moon of an asteroid （Galileo to Ida）
SOVIET UNION/RUSSIA
1957 First artificial satellite of the Earth （Sputnik 1）
1957 First animal in space （Sputnik 2）
1959 First spacecraft to escape the Earth's gravity （Luna 1）
1959 First artificial planet of the Sun （Luna 1）
1959 First spacecraft to impact another world （Luna 2 to the Moon）
1959 First view of the far side of the moon （Luna 3）
1961 First human in space （Vostok 1）
1961 First human to orbit the Earth （Vostok 1）
1961 First spacecraft to fly by other planets （Venera 1 to Venus； 1962 Mars 1 to Mars）
1963 First woman in space （Vostok 6）
1964 First multi…person space mission （Voskhod 1）
1965 First space 〃walk〃 （Voskhod 2）
1966 First spacecraft to enter the atmosphere of another planet （Venera 3 to Venus）
1966 First spacecraft to orbit another world （Luna 10 to the Moon）
1966 First successful soft landing on another world （Luna 9 to the Moon）
1970 First robot mission to return a sample from another world （Luna 16 to the Moon）
1970 First roving vehicle on another world （Luna 17 to the Moon）
1971 First soft landing on another planet （Mars 3 to Mars）
1972 First scientifically successful landing on another planet （Venera 8 to Venus）
1980…1981 First approximately year…long manned spaceflight （parable to Mars flight time） （Soyuz 35）
1983 First full orbital radar mapping of another planet （Venera 15 to Venus）
1985 First balloon station deployed in the atmosphere of another planet （Vega 1 to Venus）
1986 First close etary encounter （Vega 1 to Halley's et）
1986 First space station inhabited by rotating crews （Mir）
CONTENTS
WANDERERS： AN INTRODUCTION
1。 YOU ARE HERE
2。 ABERRATIONS OF LIGHT
3。 THE GREAT DEMOTIONS
4。 A UNIVERSE NOT MADE FOR US
5。 IS THERE INTELLIGENT LIFE ON EARTH？
6。 THE TRIUMPH OF VOYAGER
7。 AMONG THE MOONS OF SATURN
8。 THE FIRST NEW PLANET
9。 AN AMERICAN SHIP AT THE FRONTIERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
10。 SACRED BLACK
11。 EVENING AND MORNING STAR
12。 THE GROUND MELTS
13。 THE GIFT OF APOLLO
14。 EXPLORING OTHER WORLDS AND PROTECTING THIS ONE
15。 THE GATES OF THE WONDER WORLD OPEN
16。 SCALING HEAVEN
17。 ROUTINE INTERPLANETARY VIOLENCE
18。 THE MARSH OF CAMARINA
19。 REMAKING THE PLANETS
20。 DARKNESS
21。 TO THE SKY！
22。 TIPTOEING THROUGH THE MILKY WAY
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
WANDERERS： AN INTRODUCTION
But tell me； who are they； these wanderers 。 。 。？
—RAINER MARIA RILKE； 〃THE FIFTH ELEGY〃 （1923）
We were wanderers from the beginning。 We knew every stand of tree for a hundred miles。 When the fruits or nuts were ripe； we were there。 We followed the herds in their annual migrations。 We rejoiced in fresh meat。 Through stealth； feint； ambush； and main…force assault； a few of us cooperating acplished what many of us； each hunting alone； could not。 We depended on one another。 Making it on our own was as ludicrous to imagine as was settling down。
Working together； we protected our children from the lions and the hyenas。 We taught them the skills they would need。 And the tools。 Then； as now； technology was the key to our survival。
When the drought was prolonged； or when an unsettling chill lingered in the summer air； our group moved on—sometimes to unknown lands。 We sought a better place。 And when we couldn't get on with the others in our little nomadic band； we left to find a more friendly bunch somewhere else。 We could always begin again。
For 99。9 percent of the time since our species came to be； we were hunters and foragers； wanderers on the savannahs and the steppes。 There were no border guards then； no customs officials。 The frontier was everywhere。 We were bounded only by the Earth and the ocean and the sky—plus occasional grumpy neighbors。
When the climate was congenial； though； when the food was plentiful； we were willing to stay put。 Unadventurous。 Overweight。 Careless。 In the last ten thousand years—an instant in our long history— we've abandoned the nomadic fife。 We've domesticated the plants and animals。 Why chase the food when you can make it e to you？
For all its material advantages； the sedentary life has left us edgy； unfulfilled。 Even after 400 generations in villages and cities； we haven't forgotten。 The open road still softly calls； like a nearly forgotten song of childhood。 We invest far…off places with a certain romance。 This appeal； I suspect； has been meticulously crafted by natural selection as an essential element in our survival。 Long summers； mild winters； rich harvests； plentiful game—none of them lasts forever。 It is beyond our powers to predict the future。 Catastrophic events have a way of sneaking up on us； of catching us unaware。 Your own life； or your band's； or even your species' might be owed to a restless few—drawn； by a craving they can hardly articulate or understand； to undiscovered lands and new worlds。
Herman Melville； in Moby Dick； spoke for wanderers in all epochs and meridians： 〃I am tormented with an everlasting itch for things remote。 I love to sail forbidden seas 。 。 。〃
To the ancient Greeks and Romans； the known world prised Europe and an attenuated Asia and Africa； all surrounded by an impassable World Ocean。 Travelers might encounter inferior beings called barbarians or superior beings called gods。 Every tree had its dryad； every district its legendary hero。 But there were not very many gods； at least at first； perhaps only a few dozen。 They lived on mountains； under the Earth； in the sea； or up there in the sky。 They sent messages to people； intervened in human affairs； and interbred with us。
As time passed； as the human exploratory capacity hit its stride； there were surprises： Barbarians could be fully as clever as Greeks and Romans。 Africa and Asia were larger than anyone had guessed。 The World Ocean was not impassable。 There were Antipodes。* Three new continents existed； had been settled by Asians in ages past； and the news had never reached Europe。 Also the gods were disappointingly hard to find。
* 〃As to the fable that there are Antipodes；〃 wrote St。 Augustine in the fifth century； 〃that is to say； men on the opposite side of the earth； where the sun rises when it sets to us； men who walk with their feet opposite ours； that is on I'll ground credible。〃 Even if some unknown landmass is there； and not just ocean； 〃there was only one pair of original ancestors； and it is inconceivable that such distant regions should have been peopled by Adam's descendants。''
The first large…scale human migration from the Old World to the New happened during the last ice age； around 11；500 years ago； when the growing polar ice caps shallowed the oceans and made it possible to walk on dry land from Siberia to Alaska。 A thousand years later； we were in Tierra del Fuego； the southern tip of South America。 Long before Columbus； Indonesian argonauts in outrigger canoes explored the western Pacific； people from Borneo settled Madagascar； Egyptians and Libyans circumnavigated Africa； and a great fleet of ocean going junks from Ming Dynasty China crisscrossed the Indian Ocean； established a base in Zanzibar； rounded the Cape of Good Hope； and entered the Atlantic Ocean。 In the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries； European sailing ships discovered new continents （new； at any rate； to Europeans） and circumnavigated the planet。 In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries； American and Russian explorers； traders； and settlers raced west and east across two vast continents to the Pacific。 This zest to explore and exploit； however thoughtless its agents may have been； has clear survival value。 It is not restricted to any one nation or ethnic group。 It is an endowment that all members of the human species hold in mon。
Since we first emerged； a few million years ago in East Africa； we have meandered our way around the planet。 There are now people on every continent and the remotest islands； from pole to pole； from Mount Everest to the Dead Sea； on the ocean bottoms and even； occasionally； in residence 200 miles up—humans； like the gods of old； living in the sky。
These days there seems to be nowhere left to explore； at least on the land area of the Earth。 Victims of their very success the explorers now pretty much stay home。
Vast migrations of people—some voluntary； most not— have shaped the human condition。 More of us flee from war； oppression； and famine today than at any other time in human history。 As the Earth's climate changes in the ing decade。 there are likely to be far greater numbers of environmental refugees。 Better places will always call to us。 Tides of people will continue to ebb and flow across the planet。 But the lands we run to now have already been settled。 Other people； often unsympathetic to our plight； are there before us。
LATE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY； Leib Gruber was growing up 111 Central Europe； in an obscure town in the immense； polyglot； ancient Austro…Hungarian Empire。 His father sold fish when he could。 But times were often hard。 As a young man； the only honest employment Leib could find was carrying people across the nearby river Bug。 The customer； male or female； would mount Leib's back； in his prized boots； the tools of his trade； he would wade out in a shallow stretch of the river and deliver his passenger to the opposite bank。 Sometimes the water reached his waist。 There were no bridges here； no ferryboats。 Horses might have served the purpose； but they had other uses。 That left Leib and a few other young men like him。 They had no other uses。 No other work was available。 They would lounge about the riverbank； calling out their prices； boasting to potential customers about the superiority of their drayage。 They hired themselves out like four…footed animals。 My grandfather was a beast of burden
I don't think that in all his young manhood Leib had ventured more than a hundred kilometers from his little hometown of Sassow。 But then； in 1904； he suddenly ran away to the New World to avoid a murder rap； according to one family legend。 He left his young wife behind。 How different from his tiny back…water hamlet the great German port cities must have seemed； how vast the ocean； how strange the lofty skyscrapers and endless hub…bub of his new land。 We know nothing of his crossing； but have found the ship's manifest for the journey undertaken later by his wife； Chaiya joining Leib after he had saved enough to bri