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Most of the material in this book is new。 A number of chapters have evolved from articles first published in Parade magazine; a supplement to the Sunday editions of American newspapers which; with an estimated 80 million readers; may be the most widely read magazine in the world。 I am greatly indebted to Walter Anderson; the editor…in…chief; and David Currier; the executive editor; for their encouragement and editorial wisdom; and to the readers of Parade; whose letters have helped me understand where I have been clear; and where obscure; and how my arguments are received。 Portions of other chapters have emerged from articles published in Issues in Science and Technology; Discover; The Planetary Report; Scientific American; and Popular Mechanics。

Aspects of this book have been discussed with a large number of friends and colleagues; whose ments have greatly improved it。 Although there are too many to list by name; I would like to express my real gratitude to all of them。 I want especially; though; to thank Norman Augustine; Roger Bonnet; Freeman Dyson; Louis Friedman; Everett Gibson; Daniel Goldin; J。 Richard Gott III; Andrei Linde; Jon Lomberg; David Morrison; Roald Sagdeev; Steven Soter; Kip Throne; and Frederick Turner for their ments on all or part of the manuscript; Seth Kaufmann; Peter Thomas; and Joshua Grinspoon for their help with tables and graphs; and a brilliant array of astronomical artists; acknowledged at each illustration; who have permitted me to showcase some of their work。 Through the generosity of Kathy Hoyt; Al McEwen; and Larry Soderblom; I've been able to display some of the exceptional photomosiacs; airbrush maps; and other reductions of NASA images acplished at the Branch of Astrogeology; U。S。 Geological Survey。

I am indebted to Andrea Barnett; Laurel Parker; Jennifer Bland; Loren Mooney; Karenn Gobrecht; Deborah Pearlstein; and the late Eleanor York for their able technical assistance; and to Harry Evans; Walter Weintz; Ann Godoff; Kathy Rosenbloom; Andy Carpenter; Martha Schwartz; and Alan MacRobert on the production end。 Beth Tondreau is responsible for much of the design elegance on these pages。

On matters of space policy; I have benefited from discussions with other members of the board of directors of The Planetary Society; especially Bruce Murray; Louis Friedman; Norman Augustine; Joe Ryan; and the late Thomas O。 Paine。 Devoted to the exploration of the Solar System; the search for extraterrestrial life; and international missions by humans to other worlds; it is the organization that most nearly embodies the perspective of the present book。

Those readers interested in more information on this nonprofit organization; the largest space…interest group on Earth; may contact:

THE PLANETARY SOCIETY

65 N。 Catalina Avenue

Pasadena; CA 91106

Tel。: 1…800…9 WORLDS

As is true of every book I've written since 1977; I am more grateful than I can say to Ann Druyan for searching criticism and fundamental contributions both on content and style。 In the vastness of space and the immensity of time; it is still my joy to share a planet and an epoch with Annie。



REFERENCES

(a few citations and suggestions for further reading)

 


PLANETARY EXPLORATION IN GENERAL:

J。 Kelly Beatty and Andrew Chaiken; editors; The New Solar System; third edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990)。 Eric Chaisson and Steve McMillan; Astronomy Today (Englewood Cliffs; NJ: Prentice Hall; 1993)。

Esther C。 Goddard; editor; The Papers of Robert H。 Goddard (New York: McGraw…Hill; 1970) (three volumes)。

Ronald Greeley; Planetary Landscapes; second edition (New York: Chapman and Hall; 1994)。

William J。 Kaufmann III; Universe; fourth edition (New York: W。 H。 Freeman; 1993)。 Harry Y。 McSween; Jr。; Stardust to Planets (New York: St。 Martin's; 1994)。 Ron Miller and William K。 Hartmann; The Grand Tour: A Traveler's Guide to the Solar System; revised edition

(New York: Workman; 1993)。 David Morrison; Exploring Planetary Worlds (New York: Scientific American Books; 1993)。 Bruce C。 Murray; journey to the Planets (New York: W。W。 Norton; 1989)。

Jay M。 Pasachoff; Astronomy: From Earth to the Universe (New York: Saunders; 1993)。

Carl Sagan; Cosmos (New York: Random House; 1980)。

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky; The Call of the Cosmos (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House; 1960) (English

translation)。

 

CHAPTER 3; THE GREAT DEMOTIONS

John D。 Barron and Frank J。 Tipler; The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (New York: Oxford University Press;

1986)。 A。 Linde; Particle Physics and Inflationary Cosmology (Harwood Academy Publishers; 1991)。

B。 Stewart; 〃Science or Animism?;〃 Creation /Evolution; vol。 12; no。 1 (1992); pp。 18…19。

Steven Weinberg; Dreams of a Final Theory (New York: Vintage Books; 1994)。

 

CHAPTER 4; A UNIVERSE NOT MADE FOR US

Brian Appleyard; Understanding the Present: Science and the Soul of Modern Man (London: Picador/Pan Books

Ltd。; 1992)。 Passages quoted appear; in order; on the following pages: 232; 27; 32; 19; 19; 27; 9; xiv; 137;

112…113; 206; 10; 239; 8; 8。 J。 B。 Bury; History of the Papacy in the 19th Century (New York: Schocken; 1964)。 Here; as in many other

sources; the 1864 Syllabus is transcribed into its 〃positive〃 form (e。g。; 〃Divine revelation is perfect〃) rather

than as part of a list of condemned errors (〃Divine revelation is imperfect〃)。

 

CHAPTER 5; IS THERE INTELLIGENT LIFE ON EARTH?

Carl Sagan; W。 R。 Thompson; Robert Carlsson; Donald Gurnett; and Charles Hord; 〃A Search for Life on Earth

from the Galileo Spacecraft;〃 Nature; vol。 365 (1993); pp。 715…721。

 

CHAPTER 7; AMONG THE MOONS OF SATURN

Jonathan Lunine; 〃Does Titan Have Oceans?;〃 American Scientist; vol。 82 (1994); pp。 134…144。 Carl Sagan; W。 Reid Thompson; and Bishun N。 Khare; 〃Titan: A Laboratory for Prebiological Organic

Chemistry;〃 Accounts of Chemical Research; vol。 25 (1992); pp。 286…292。 J。 William Schopf; Major Events in the History of Life (Boston: Jones and Bartlett; 1992)。

 

CHAPTER 8; THE FIRST NEW PLANET

Bernard Cohen; 〃G。 D。 Cassini and the Number of the Planets;〃 in Nature; Experiment and the Sciences;

Trevor Levere and W。 R。 Shea; editors (Dordrecht: Kluwer; 1990)。

 

CHAPTER 9; AN AMERICAN SHIP AT THE FRONTIERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Murmurs of Earth; CD…ROM of the Voyager interstellar record; with introduction by Carl Sagan and

Ann Druyan (Los Angeles: Warner New Media; 1992); WNM 14022。 Alexander Wolszczan; 〃Confirmation of Earth…Mass Planets Orbiting the Millisecond Pulsar PSR

B1257+12;〃 Science; vol。 264 (1994); pp。 538…542。

 

CHAPTER 12; THE GROUND MELTS

Peter Cattermole; Venus: The Geological Survey (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1994)。 Peter Francis; Volcanoes: A Planetary Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1993)。

 

CHAPTER 1 3; THE GIFT OF APOLLO

Andrew Chaikin; A Man on the Moon (New York: Viking; 1994)。Michael Collins; Liftoff (New York: Grove Press; 1988)。Daniel Deudney; 〃Forging Missiles into Spaceships;〃 World Policy Journal; vol。 2; no。 2 (Spring 1985); pp。 271…303。

Harry Hurt; For All Mankind (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press; 1988)。

Richard S。 Lewis; The Voyages of Apollo: The Exploration of the Moon (New York: Quadrangle; 1974)。

Walter A。 McDougall; The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (New York:

Basic Books; 1985)。

Alan Shepherd; Deke Slayton et al。; Moonshot (Atlanta: Hyperion; 1994)。

Don E。 Wilhelms; To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History or Lunar Exploration (Tucson: University of

Arizona Press; 1993)。

 

CHAPTER 14; EXPLORING OTHER WORLDS AND PROTECTING THIS ONE

Kevin W。 Kelley; editor; The Home Planet (Reading; MA: AddisonWesley; 1988)。 Carl Sagan and Richard Turco; A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms

Race (New York: Random House; 1990)。

Richard Turco; Earth Under Siege: Air Pollution and Global Change (New York: Oxford University

Press; in press)。

 

CHAPTER 15; THE GATES OF THE WONDER WORLD OPEN

Victor R。 Baker; The Channels of Mars (Austin: University of Texas Press; 1982)。

Michael H。 Carr; The Surface of Mars (New Haven: Yale University Press; 1981)。

H。 H。 Kieffer; B。 M。 Jakosky; C。 W。 Snyder; and M。 S。 Matthews; editors; Mars (Tucson: University of Arizona

Press; 1992)。

John Noble Wilford; Mars Beckons: The Mysteries; the Challenges; the Expectations of Our Next Great

Adventure in Space (New York: Knopf; 1990)。

 

CHAPTER 18; THE MARSH OF CAMARINA

Clark R。 Chapman and David Morrison; 〃Impacts on the Earth by Asteroids and ets: Assessing the Hazard;〃

Nature; vol。 367 (1994); pp。 3340。 A。 W。 Harris; G。 Canavan; C。 Sagan; and S。 J。 Ostro; 〃The Deflection Dilemma: Use vs。 Misuse of Technologies

for Avoiding Interplanetary Collision Hazards;〃 in Hazards Due to Asteroids and ets; T。 Gehrels;

editor (Tucson: University of Arizona Press; 1994)。 John S。 Lewis and Ruth A。 Lewis; Space Resources: Breaking the Bonds of Earth (New York: Columbia

University Press; 1987)。 C。 Sagan and S。 J。 Ostro; 〃Long…Range Consequences of Interplanetary Collision Hazards;〃 Issues in Science and

Technology (Summer 1994); pp。 67…72。

 

CHAPTER 19; REMAKING THE PLANETS

J。 D。 Bernal; The World; the Flesh; and the Devil (Bloomington; IN: Indiana University Press; 1969; first edition;

1929)。

James B。 Pollack and Carl Sagan; 〃Planetary Engineering;〃 in J。 Lewis and M。 Matthews; editors; Near…Earth 

Resources (Tucson: University of Arizona Press; 1992)。

 

CHAPTER 20; DARKNESS

Frank Drake and Dava Sobel; Is Anyone Out There? (New York: Delacorte; 1992)。

Paul Horowitz and Carl Sagan; 〃Project META: A Five…Year All…Sky Narrowband Radio Search for

Extraterrestrial Intelligence;〃 Astrophysical Journal; vol。 415 (1992); pp。 218…235。 Thomas R。 McDonough; The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1987)。

Carl Sagan; Contact: A Novel (New York: Simon and Schuster; 1985) 。

 

CHAPTER 21; TO THE SKY!

J。 Richard Gott III; 〃Implications of the Copernican Principle for Our Future Prospects;〃 Nature; vol。 263 (1993);

pp。 315…319。

 

CHAPTER 22; TIPTOEING THROUGH THE MILKY WAY

I。 A。 Crawford; 〃Interstellar Travel: A Review for Astronomers;〃 Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical

Society; vol。 31 (1990); p。 377。

I。 A。 Crawford; 〃Space; World Government; and ‘The End of History;' 〃Journal of the British Interplanetary

Society; vol。 46 (1993); pp。 415…420。 Freeman J。 Dyson; The World; the Flesh; and the Devil (London: Birkbeck College; 1972)。

Ben R。 Finney and Eric M。 Jones; editors; Interstellar Migration and the Human Experience (Berkeley:

University of California Press; 1985)。 Francis Fukuyama; The End of History and the Last Man (New York: The Free Press; 1992)。 Charles Lindholm; Charisma (Oxford: Blackwell; 1990)。 The ment on the need for a telos is in this book。

Eugene F。 Mallove and Gregory L。 Matloff; The Starflight Handbook (New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1989)。

Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan; et (New York: Random House; 1985)。





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