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y other way。 (in no other way)→In no other way can it be done。1)They had never seen such a sight before。 (never before)→Never before had they seen such a sight。2)They had no sooner entered the theatre than the performance began。 (no sooner)→No sooner had they entered the theatre than the performance began。3)She will not do such a thing under any circumstances。 (under no circumstances)→Under no circumstances will she do such a thing。4)The lesson will not begin until everyone is seated。 (not until)→Not until everyone is seated will the lesson begin。5)I will on no account sign this document。 (on no account)→On no account will I sign this document。6)He wrote the letter so badly that I couldn’t read it。 (so badly)→So badly did he write the letter that I couldn’t read it。7)You will succeed only by working hard。 (only)→Only by working hard will you succeed。8)He seldom takes a holiday。 (seldom)→Seldom does he take a holiday。9)He not only advised me what to do; he also lent me the money。 (not only)→Not only did he advise me what to do; he also lent me the money。10)He hardly realizes how ill he is。 (hardly)→Hardly does he realize how ill he is。11)The old man didn’t say a word。 (not a word)→Not a word did the old man say。12)The soldiers didn’t utter a sound while the general was speaking。 (not a sound)→Not a sound did the soldiers utter while the general was speaking。13)I have hardly ever seen anyone so unhappy。 (hardly ever)→Hardly ever have I seen anyone so unhappy。14)I have rarely seen such a beautiful sunset。 (rarely)→Rarely have I seen such a beautiful sunset。15)He didn’t speak to us even once。 (not even once)→Not even once did he speak to us。2.用倒装结构翻译下列句子:1)枪砰的一声响,鸟儿都飞了。Crack went the gun and away flew the birds。2)一群士兵突然冲进宅内。Suddenly into the house rushed a group of soldiers。3)他简直没有时间玩。Scarcely could he find time for playing。4)我们学校附近有一座高大的建筑。Near our school there stands a high building。5)我晚上很少一个人出去散步。Seldom do I go for a walk in the evening by myself。6)她几乎无法用言语来表达她的感激之情。Hardly could she express her gratitude in words。7)要是你早来一会儿,就赶上火车了。Had you arrived a little earlier; you could have caught the train。8)过了一个星期她才知道父亲去世了。Only after a week did she know about her father’s death。9)他不但勤奋,而且富有想象力。Not only is he industrious; but he is also imaginative。10)如果你听了他的劝告,你早就成功了。Had you followed his advice; you would have succeeded。
it 用法小结it 在英语中的意思较多,用法较广,现总结如下。
一、it作句子的真正主语1.it 指前面已经提到过的人或事物,有时指心目中的或成为问题的人或事物,作真正主语。例如:What’s this? -It is a sheep? 这是什么??这是一只绵羊。Who is it? -It’s me (I)。 谁??是我。It’s the wind shaking the window。 是风刮得窗户响。2.it指时间、季节。一般用在无人称动词的主语。例如:What time is it? -It’s nine。 几点了??九点了。It’s time for the meeting。 Let’s go。 开会的时间到了,我们走吧。What day is today? -It’s Saturday。 今天星期几??今天星期六。What’s the date today? -It is October 1st。今天是几号? ?今天是十月一日。What season is it? -It is summer。 现在是什么季节??是夏季。3.it 指气候。一般作无人称动词的主语。例如:Is it cold in this room? -No; it isn’t。 屋里冷吗??不冷。What’s the weather like today? -It is fine。今天天气怎么样??是晴天。It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city。这个城市夏天经常下雨,冬天经常下雪。4.it指距离、情况等。一般用作无人称动词的主语。例如:It is five kilometers from my home to the school。从我家到学校有五公里。It is very near from this factory to that one。从这个工厂到那个工厂非常近。It is a long way to the sea。 离海很远。Is it well with you? 你身体好吗?二、it作形式主语
动词不定式、动名词短语起、从句在句子中起主语作用,而这一部分用词较多时,可以用it作为形式主语,放在句首代表其后所说的事实上的、真正的主语,而把真正的主语放在后面。1.It +谓语+动词不定式。It 作形式主语,动词不定式作真正的主语。例如:It is difficult to climb a mountain。 爬山是很艰难的。It’s a good habit to do morning exercises。 作早操是个好习惯。It’s important to do proper memory work in the study of a foreign language。 在学习外语时适当地做一些有助于记忆的练习是很重要的。It is right to do so。 这样做是对的。2.It+谓语+动名词短语。It 作形式主语,动名词短语作真正的主语。例如:It is dangerous playing with fire。 玩火是危险的。It is no use learning without thinking。 学而不思则罔。It’s useless arguing with a silly boy。 和笨孩子争论是没有用的。3.It +谓语+名词性从句。It 作形式主语,以that 引导的名词性从句是真正的主语。例如:It is a pity that you didn’t see such a good film。你没看这么好的电影,真可惜。It is certain that we shall succeed。 我们一定会成功。It is strange that nobody knows where he lives。真奇怪,谁也不知道他住在哪里。(It is strange that…后面可用虚拟语气。如:It is strange that he should have made such a mistake。他居然犯了这样一个错误,真奇怪。It is strange that nobody should know where he lives。居然没有人知道他住在哪里,真奇怪。)It is said that the plane will take off at ten tomorrow morning。据说飞机明天上午十点起飞。
三、it作形式宾语it 作形式宾语,代表其后所说的真正的宾语。真正的宾语是以that 引导的名词性从句或不定式短语。例如:I consider it wrong that you Chinese students learn English without paring it with your own language。我认为你们中国学生学习英语,不和你们自己的语言比较是不对的。I find it not so difficult to learn a foreign language。我发现学习一门外语不那么困难。I remember I made it clear to you that I was not ing。我记得向你明确表示过我不来。They want to make it clear to the public that they are doing an important and necessary job。他们要向公众表明,他们在做一件重要而又必要的工作。
四、it 用于强调结构
在表示强调的结构中,it 可用作先行代词,这种结构的句型如下:It +is/was +被强调的部分+that +其他部分。如果强调的部分是人,可用who; whom 代替that。例如:Professor Wang teaches us English every Monday afternoon。王教授每星期一下午教我们英语。强调主语:It is Professor Wang who teaches us English every Monday afternoon。强调间接宾语:It is us whom Prof。 Wang teaches English every Monday afternoon。强调直接宾语:It is English that Prof。 Wang teaches us every Monday afternoon。强调状语:It is every Monday afternoon that Prof。 Wang teaches us English。It was here that I first met him。 这就是我初次与他见面的地方。(强调状语)It is the people who are realy powerful。
翻译练习1)该上课了,快。It is time for class。 Hurry up。2)从这儿到你们学校远吗??不远,大约一公里。Is it far from here to your school? ?No; it isn’t。 It’s about a kilometer。3)从我家到颐和园去很近。It is very near from my home to the Summer Palace。4)(天)正在下雨。It’s raining now。5)电灯是爱迪生发明的。It was Edison who invented the electric light。6)我认为学习一门外语是很重要的。I think it important to learn a foreign language。7)他通常一天读两次英语。He made it a rule to read English twice a day。8)从我家去天安门广场坐公共汽车大约要一个小时。It takes about an hour to go from my home to the Tian’anmen Square by bus。
反意疑问句
反意疑问句相当于“对不对?”“好不好?”“行不行?”,用yes或 no 回答。由两部分组成,前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是附加疑问短语,中间用逗号隔开,所以反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句。通常的形式是:肯定的陈述句+否定的附加疑问,或否定的陈述句+肯定的附加疑问。如:He studies English; doesn’t he?He doesn’t study English; does he?They are from America; aren’t they?They are not from America; are they?反意疑问句的主要形式:1.如果主句是be或其他助动词(如can; shall; will 等),其反意疑问句用同一助动词。如:We are late; aren’t we?You haven’t met my wife; have you?He can drive a car; can’t he?They used to have difficulty in just making ends meet; didn’t (usedn’t) they?You’d better eat with knives and forks; hadn’t you?2.如果主语带有seldom; hardly; never; rarely; few; little等否定词或半否定词时,因为主句本身具有否定意义,附加疑问部分的动词用肯定式,如:We seldom go to the cinema; do we?Sue almost never worked; did she?3.如果主句部分是 “I am…”结构,由于”am not” 没有相应的缩略形式,附加疑问部分一般用aren’t I 代替。如:I am your friend; aren’t I?I’m late; aren’t I?I am a student; aren’t I?在祈使句中的附加疑问部分一般用will you; won’t you。4。 在祈使句中的附加疑问部分一般用will you; won’t you。如:Sit down; will you?Have some tea; won’t you?Open the window; won’t you?这种句子可以理解为: Will you do something?如:Will you open the window?注意:否定的祈使句之后,只能用will。如:Don’t forget; will you?Don’t make so much noise; will you?5.以Let’s… 开头的祈使句,肯定的用shall we? 否定的用all right? 或OK?; 如:Let’s go back to our seats; shall we?Let’s not have hot food this time; OK? (all right?)这种句子可以理解为:Shall we (do something?);如:Shall we go back to our seats。这样有助于理解和记忆。注意:Let’s 与Let us 的区别:Let’s包括听话人在内,应用shall we; 而Let us 不包括听话人在内,表示“请你让我们…”,要用will you。如:Let’s watch the news on TV; shall we? (表示建议)Let us watch the news on TV; will you? (表示请求)6.主句是I suppose; I think; I believe等时,附加疑问部分则往往与that 从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系,但要注意否定的转移。如:I suppose that you know the meaning of the word; don’t you?(这句话明显是要问“你是不是知道?”而不是问“我是不是这样认为?”)I don’t think that you have read the book; have you?7.当主句的动词have 表示“拥有”时,附加疑问既可用have; 也可用do;如:You have a color TV set; haven’t you/don’t you?当主句的have不表示“拥有”而表示其他意思时,附加疑问要用do;如:You had a cold yesterday; didn’t you?They don’t have coffee with breakfast; do they?8。There be句型的反意疑问句,用there 作主语。如:There is something wrong; isn’t there?There won’t be any trouble; will there? 不会有任何麻烦,是吗?9。陈述部分的主语是everyone; someone; anyone; no one; nobody等不定代词时,其疑问部分的主语可用he; 也可用they。如:Everyone knows it; doesn’t he/don’t they?英语反意疑问句的回答有点和汉语的相反。但一定要记住:只要回答是肯定的,都用yes,只要回答是否定的,都用no。这在主句是否定句的时候要特别注意。例如:Mr。 Jones can’t speak French; can he? ?No; he can’t。琼斯先生不会讲法语,对吗??对,他不会讲法语。Mr。 Jones can’t speak French; can he? ?Yes; he can。琼斯先生不会讲法语,对吗??不,他会讲法语。This is not a door; is it? -Yes; it is。 It is an iron door。这不是门,对吗??不,这是门。是扇铁门。
练习完成下列反意疑问句,并译出后面的回答。1)There is a dog under the tree; _____? 是的,有。→isn’t there? Yes; there is。2)They are laughing at me; ____? 不,没有。/ 对,是的。→aren’t they? No; they aren’t。 / Yes; they are。3)We haven’t visited that college; _____? 对,还没有。→have we? No; we haven’t。4)She wants to be a nurse; _____? 不,她不想。/是的,她想。→doesn’t she? No; she doesn’t。 /Yes; she does。5)Girls don’t smoke; ____? 是的,是这样。/ 不,抽。而且有人抽得很凶。→do they? No; they don’t。 /Yes; they do。 And some are heavy smokers6)We shall not have classes on Sunday; _____? 是的,不上。→Shall we? No; we shan’t。7)You watch English videos; ____?不,不看。/是的,我们常看,每周三次。→don’t you? No; we don’t。 /Yes; we often do。 We watch them three times a week。8)Wait outside; ____? 不,我不。/好的,可以。→won’t you? No; I won’t。 /Yes; I will。9)Don’t move; ____? 好的,我不动。/不,我要动。→will you? No; I won’t。 /Yes; I will。10)She is not here; ____? 是的,不在。/不,她在。就坐在我后面。→is she? No; she isn’t。 /Yes; she is。 She is sitting just behind me。
连接词
连接词是英语中的一个重要组成部分,它们连接英语的句子和段落,使文章流畅自然,使英语句子与句子之间,段落与段落之间的关系一目了然。中国的语法书上一般不专门涉及连接词。鉴于中国学生在应用英语(尤其是写作)的时候常常犯连接词错误,如不用连接词、在使用连接词时错用标点符号等,我们有必要专门讲述连接词。
英语中连接词分为两大类:连词性连接词(即连词)和副词性连接词。
连词
连词用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子。连词不能单独作句子成分,也没有词形变化。连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。一、并列连词
并列连词用来连接句子中担任相同成分的词、短语或分句。常见的有七个单词和四个短语:and; but; or; for(因为); nor; so; yet; both…and…; not only…。but also…。; either…or…。; neither…nor…1.and用来连接词、短语或分句,表示并列或对称关系:
The man put on his coat and hat; and went out of the office。 那个人穿上外衣、戴上帽子,走出了办公室。
A car and a dictionary are both useful。 汽车和字典都有用�