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和英国早些时候的研究结论：如果噪音对精神健康有影响的话，那也一定是微乎其微，以致现代的精神病诊断方法还发现不了。这并不是证实不存在噪音对健康的影响。但它确实说明，噪音的危险性 比如说 比在孤儿院长大所受的危害要小一些，孤儿院才是真正危害精神健康的地方。
Lesson 26
The past life of the earth
地球上的昔日生命
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is the main condition for the preservation of the remains of any living creature？
It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved； for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial； and it is only in the seas and rivers； and sometimes lakes； where mud and sit have been continuously deposited； that bodies and the can be rapidly covered over and preserved。
But even in the most favourable circumstances only a small fraction of the creatures that die are preserved in this way before decay sets in or； even more likely； before scavengers eat them。 After all； all living creatures live by feeding on something else； whether it be plant or animal； dead or alive； and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided。 The remains of plants and animals that lived on land are much more rarely preserved； for there is seldom anything to cover them over。 When you think of the innumerable birds that one sees flying bout； not to mention the equally numerous small animals like field mice and voles which you do not see； it is very rarely that one es across a dead body； except； of course； on the roads。 They depose and are quickly destroyed by the weather or eaten by some other creature。
It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive； as by falling into inaccessible caves； or into an ice crevasse； like the Siberian mammoths； when the whole animal is sometimes preserved； as in a refrigerator。 This is what happened to the famous Beresovka mammoth which was found preserved and in good condition。 In his mouth were the remains of fir trees the last meal that he had before he fell into the crevasse and broke his back。 The mammoth has now just a suburb of Los Angeles。 Apparently what happened was that water collected on these tar pits； and the bigger animals like the elephants ventured out on to the apparently firm surface to drink； and were promptly bogged in the tar。 And then； when they were dead； the carnivores； like the sabre…toothed cats and the giant wolves； came out to feed and suffered exactly the same fate。 There are also endless numbers of birds in the tar as well。
ERROL WHITE The past life of the earth from Discovery
New words and expressions 生词和短语
preservation
n。 保存
silt
n。 淤泥
scavenger
n。 食腐动物
vole
n。 野鼠，鼹鼠
depose
v。 腐烂
inaccessible
adj。 不能到达的
crevasse
n。 缝隙
Siberian
adj。西伯利亚的
palaeontological
adj。 古生物学的
St。 Petersburg
n。 圣彼得堡
sabre…toothed
adj。 长着锐利的长牙
venture
v。 冒险
bogged
adj。 陷入泥沼的，陷入要困境的
参考译文
只有生活在水中或水边的动植物尸体最有可能被保存下来，因为保存的必要条件之一是迅速掩埋，所以只有在泥沙不停淤积的海洋和江河里，有时在湖泊里，尸体之类的东西才能被迅速地覆盖而保存下来。
即使是在最有利的环境中，死去的生物中也只有一小部分能在开始腐烂前，或更可能在被食腐动物吃掉之前，被这样保存下来。因为一切生物都是靠吃别的东西来活命的，不管这种东西是植物还是动物，死的还是活的，因此，生物偶尔才能避免被吃掉的命运。曾在陆地上生活过的动植物的遗体被保存下来的更为罕见，因为陆地上几乎没有什么东西覆盖它们。你可以想象出天上有看得见的飞来飞去、数不清的鸟，地上有不显眼的无数的老鼠和田鼠之类的小动物，但是，除非在路上，很少有人遇到这些动物的尸体，因为它们腐败之后很快就被风化掉，或被别的动物吃掉了。
几乎总是由于某些特殊的条件，陆地动物的遗体才被存下来，如掉进难以到达的洞穴，或掉进冰河裂缝里，或者像西伯利亚长毛象那样掉进冰窟中，有时整个动物像被放在冰箱里一样被保存下来，著名的那林索夫卡长毛象就是这样被保存下来的，而且保存得很好。它嘴里还留着冷杉 它掉进冰河裂隙折断脊椎柱之前的最后一顿饭。这头长毛象已被修复，现存于圣彼得堡古生物学博物馆。有的动物掉进天然沥清坑里被保存下来，如在兰桥。拉。布里 现在是洛杉矶的郊区发现的大象、剑齿虎和许多其他动物。显然，事情的经过是这样：沥青坑里积存了水，大象那样的大动物冒险到似乎坚固的水面上去饮水，立即掉进了沥青坑。大象死后，一些食肉动物，如剑齿虎和大灰狼就来吃大象，结果遭到了同样的命运。沥青坑里还有无数只鸟的尸体。
Lesson 27
The 'Vasa'
“瓦萨”号
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What happened to the 'Vasa' almost immediately after she was launched？
From the seventeenth…century empire of Sweden； the story of a galleon that sank at the start of her maiden voyage in 1628 must be one of the strangest tales of the sea。 For nearly three and a half centuries she lay at the bottom of Stockholm harbour until her discovery in 1956。 This was the Vasa； royal flagship of the great imperial fleet。
King Gustavus Adolphus； 'The Northern Hurricane'； then at the height of his military success in the Thirty Years' War； had dictated her measurements and armament。 Triple gun…decks mounted sixty…four bronze cannon。 She was intended to play a leading role in the growing might of Sweden。
As she was prepared of her maiden voyage on August 10； 1628； Stockholm was in a ferment。 From the Skeppsbron and surrounding islands the people watched this thing of beauty begin to spread her sails and catch the wind。 They had laboured for three years to produce this floating work of art； she was more richly carved and ornamented than any previous ship。 The high stern castle was a riot of carved gods； demons； knights； kings； warriors； mermaids； cherubs； and zoomorphic animal shapes ablaze with rea and gold and blue； symbols of courage； power； and cruelty； were portrayed to stir the imaginations of the superstitious sailors of the day。
Then the cannons of the anchored warships thundered a salute to which the Vasa fired in reply。 As the emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow； her flags colour； she presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers had ever seen before。 All gun…ports were open and the muzzles peeped wickedly from them。
As the wind freshened there came a sudden squall and the ship made a strange movement； listing to port。 The Ordnance Officer ordered all the port cannon to be heaved to starboard to counteract the list； but the steepening angle of the decks increased。 Then the sound of rumbling thunder reached the watchers on the shore； as cargo； ballast； ammunition and 400 people went sliding and crashing down to the port side of the steeply listing ship。 The lower gun…ports were now below water and the inrush sealed the ship's fate。 In that first glorious hour； the mighty Vasa； which was intended to rule the Baltic； sank with all flags flying…in the harbour of her birth。
ROY SAUNGERS The Raising of the 'Vasa' from The Listener
New words and expressions 生词和短语
galleon
n。 大型帆船
Stockholm
n。 斯德哥尔摩
flagship
n。 旗舰
imperial
adj。 帝国的
hurricane
n。 飓风
armament
n。 军械
triple
adj。 三层的
mount
v。 架有
bronze
n。 青铜
cannon
n。 加农炮
参考译文
1628年，一艘大帆船在处女航时就沉没了，这个从容不迫7世纪瑞典帝国流传至今的故事无疑是航海史上最离奇的事件之一。这艘大船在斯德哥尔摩港口的海底躺了将近几年来个世纪之后，直到1956年才被发现。这就是“瓦萨”号，帝国大舰的皇家旗舰。
当时号称“北方飓风”的国王古斯夫斯。阿道尔弗正处在“三十年战争”的军事鼎盛阶段，他亲自规定了这艘船的规模和武器配备。3层的火炮甲板上装着眼点4门青铜加农炮，目的就是要在不断增长的瑞典势力中起主导作用。
1628年8月10日，“瓦萨”号准备首航时，斯德哥尔摩一片欢腾。人们从斯开波斯布朗和周围的岛屿前来观着这艘美丽的战船扬帆起航，乘风前进。瑞典人辛辛苦苦干了3年才建成这件水上艺术品，它比以往任何船只雕刻得都更加精美，装饰得都更加华丽。高耸的船楼上雕刻了令人眼花缭乱的神仙、妖魔、骑士、国王、武士、美人鱼和小天使，还有用红色、金黄色、蓝色绘制的光彩夺目的兽形图案，象征着勇敢、力量和残暴，以激起汉时崇尚迷信的水手们的想像。
这时，停泊在港口的其他战船向“瓦萨”号鸣炮致礼，“瓦萨”号也鸣炮回礼。当“瓦萨”号从弥漫的礼炮烟云中出现时，船头下浪花加溅，舰旗迎风招展，三角旗随风飘动，微风鼓起风帆，金碧辉煌的船楼闪耀着灿烂的色彩。“瓦萨”号展现的壮观景象是斯德哥尔摩人从未见过的。船上的炮眼开着，炮口虎视眈眈地向外窥视着。
当风力增强时，突然刮来一阵大风，“瓦萨”号奇怪地摇晃了一下，便向左舷倾斜。炮长命令把左舷上所有大炮搬到右舷上来以抵消船的倾斜，但甲板的倾斜度仍在增加。当物口、压舱物、弹药和400个人轰地一声滑向陡斜的左舷时，岸上的观众听到了雷鸣般的轰响。下层炮眼已淹没在水里，涌进船舱的水给“瓦萨”号带来了难以逃脱的厄运。就这样，想要统治波罗的海的大型战舰“瓦萨”号，在它壮丽的起航时刻，带着全身飘扬的彩旗，沉没在了它诞生的港口。
Lesson 28
Patients and doctors
病人与医生
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What are patients looking for when they visit the doctor？
This is a sceptical age； but although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers fervently believed has weakened； our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same a theirs。 This modern faith in medicines is proved the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise。 The majority of the patients attending the medical out…patients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine； a box of pills； or a small jar of ointment； and the doctor in charge of the department is only too ready to provide them with these requirements。 There is no quicker method of disposing of patients then by giving them what they are asking for； and since most medical men in the Health Services are overworked and have little time for offering time…consuming and little…appreciated advice on such subjects as diet； right living； and the need for abandoning bad habits etc。； the bottle； the box； and the jar are almost always granted them。
Nor is it only the ignorant and ill…educated person who was such faith in the bottle of medicine。 It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs。 Carlyle's。 Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained； of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering； and of what had previously been wrong with his wife； but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another； and forted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend； he hastened to Henry Taylor's house。 History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical help； but in all probability he did。 The great advantage of taking medicine is that it makes no demands on the taker beyond that of putting up for a moment with a disgusting taste； and that is what all patients demand of their doctors to be cured at no inconvenience to themselves。
New words and expressions 生词和短语
sceptical
adj。 怀疑的
forefathers
n。 祖先
fervently
adv。 热情地
curative
adj。 治病的
astronomical
adj。 天文学的
tangible
adj。实实在在的
remedy
n。 药物
ointment
n。 药膏
prescribe
v。 开药方
indisposition
n。 小病
inconvenience
n。 令人讨厌的
inconvenience
n。 不便
参考译文
这是一个怀疑一切的时代，可是虽然我们对我们祖先笃信的许多事物已不太相信，我们对瓶装药品疗效的信心仍与祖辈一样坚定。卫生部门的处度药费上升到了天文数字，并且目前尚无停止上升的迹象，这个事实证实了现代人对药物的依赖。在医院门诊部看病的大多数人觉得，如果不能带回一些看得见、摸得着的药物，如一瓶药水，一盒药丸、一小瓶药膏回家的话，就没算得到了充分的治疗。负责门诊的医生也非常乐意为前来看病的人提供他们想要得到的药物，病人要什么就给什么，没有比这样处理病人更快的方法了。因为卫生部门的大多数医生超负荷工作，所以没有多少时间�