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effectively．
2）Process steps：a．Keep accurate
records
b．When
plaining，go right to
the top
c．following up
with further action
3）Conclusion：Therefore，my advice to you is to……
26．3 Advice on How to Write a Process Essay
1）State your topic in a single clear sentence．
For instance，“Knowing how to prepare for an important exam can lead you to success”or “Growing your own vegetables is easier than you might think”．
2）First make a list of all the steps you are describing．
Take“How to Make a
plaint”for example：
write letter of plaint
follow through with a telephone call if no response
save sales slips and original boxes
send plaint letter directly to president
3）Then number your items in time order or logical order．
①save sales slips and original boxes
② write letter of plaint
③send plaint letter directly to
president
④follow through with telephone call
if no response
4）Group the item into a minimum of three steps．
For example，you might divide the process into①getting organized；②sending the plaint to president；③following up with further action．
5）Be sure to use transitions，such as，“first，next，also，then，after，now，during，and finally”so that your essay moves smoothly
and clearly from one step in the process to the next．
Writing Assignment for
Unit 26
Directions：Write a 3…paragraph essay on the topic “How to Prepare for an Important
Exam”in no less
than 100 words．
Remember to write clearly．
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第二十七单元 如何用因果法推展篇章
27。1 Cause and Effect（因果法）
The stating of facts and the giving of reasons to explain why and
how the facts came about is the basic procedure in essay development by cause
and effect．The technique
of cause and effect has great flexibility，for the relationships between causes and effects are not always as
clear cut as the two terms seem to suggest．Causes may not all carry the same weight，for example．Several contributing causes may be
grounded together to form one important cause．There may be one effect to a cause，or there may be many．Effects may be less important than causes，and so on．So you have to be very careful in
dealing with cause and effect．
Model Essay 27…1
As it is known to everyone，languages are constantly changing nowadays．There are many reasons why
languages change，but the
following three major causes may help illustrate the concept．Initially，various languages that started from
the same parent developed their own uniqueness after groups of speakers drifted
away from one another to establish isolated，independent munities．
Another major cause of language change is the influence of and
interaction with foreign cultures，often as a result of militaryconquest．A continuing cause for change is rapidly expanding technology and
new systems of munication that bring all cultures and languages into closer
contact，with
borrowing between language a mon phenomenon in the contemporary world．
New established munities，the influence of and interaction with foreign cultures，the rapid development of technology
and new systems of munication contribute to language change．So we may say all languages change
as the experiences of their speakers change．
27。2 Analysis of the Model
Essay（范文分析）
The three causes of language change mentioned in the above model
essay can be outlined as follows：
effect：Languages are changing constantly．
cause：a．newly established munities
b．the influence
of and interaction with foreign cultures
c．the rapid
development of technology and new systems of munication
本文作者首先点出主题思想：Languages are contantly
changing（表明结果），接着列举了导致发生变化的三大原因，并举例加以说明，使读者对文中的因果关系一清二楚（此篇文章着重强调了语言发展变化的原因）。此外，文中所用的一些转换词语使文章有了明显的连贯性。作者通过“initially…another major cause is…a continuing cause for change is…”这一灵活多变的转换句式巧妙地引出了语言变化的三大原因。因此，文章读起来既连贯一致，又具有较强的说服力。
Writing Assignment 1
Directions：Write a 3…paragraph essay by using the cause…effect technique to
illustrate why football is being more and more popular in recent years．The title and the given information
will be of help．
1）It is played
world wide；
2）It is an
exciting game—both for
players and viewers；
3）There are
many football fans throughout the world．
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Writing Assignment 2
Directions：Write a 3…paragraph essay by using the cause…effect technique to
illustrate the causes of global warming．Your position should be no less than 100 words．Base your ideas on the given
outline below．
Recently there has been an increase in the amount of CO2 in the
atmosphere，which，in turn，causes global warming．
1）increased
power generation using coal or oil；
2）increasing
numbers of gasoline engines…cars，trucks，etc．；
3）growth of
industrial production；
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第二十八单元 情景作文Situational position
According to the syllabus and the practice up till now，CET—4position usually has the following five types：situational position（情景作文），key words position（关键词作文），topic sentence position（主题句作文），title…given position（给出题目作文） and writing a position
according to tables and graphs（图表作文）．
The examinees are required to follow the directions and develop the
position into three paragraphs to form an essay of no less than 100 words in
30 minutes．The essay
should be clear，coherent and
grammatically correct．Therefore，from this unit on，we are going to introduce the above five types of positions
respectively．
28．1 Situational position
In recent years，situational position has been frequently used in CET—4．This kind of writing requires students to write according to the
given situation（sometimes in
Chinese，sometimes in
English）；its
characteristic is that the main idea and information are all contained in the
given situation．
Sample Test Item
Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a three…paragraph position on
the topic“My Favourite
Programme”．You should
write no less than 100 word sand yon should base your position on the
outline（Given in
Chinese）below．
1）我最喜爱的电视（或无线电）节目是……
2）这类节目的内容和特点；
3）我喜欢它的原因。
28．2 Analysis and Advice on the Writing
1）Read the directions carefully and make sure you understand them
clearly，and try to understand everything
that you are required to do；
2）Examine the given situation of each paragraph，then pick out the key words；
e．g．The key words of the above sample
are：
①最喜爱的节目②内容，特点③原因
3）Find out the relationship between the title and each paragraph；
In the first paragraph，you write what your favourite programme is；and in the second paragraph，you have to describe the contents
and characteristic of your chosen programme；In the end，yon write why yon like this particular programme．
4）You must produce the topic sentence of each paragraph．
e．g．
①My most favourite programme is……
②The programme is interesting as
well as；instructive．
③The reason why I like it is that……
Model Essay 28…1
Nowadays radio and TV play a more and more important role in our
daily lives．There are
many programmes shown every day．Some of them are very good．My most favourite programme is“The Animal World”，which is shown on television every Sunday night．
The programme is interesting as well as instructive．It providesus with natural scenes
of the lives of all kinds of wild animals together with the vivid explanations
of the narrator．Besides，the pictures are very beautiful and
some of them are also very valuable．They contain much information not only about animals，but also about plants．
The reason why I like this programme is that，being born and bred in the city，I have not seen any wild animals，and the programme pensates for
this．In addition，it provides me with rich knowledge
about nature and the animal world．
Believe it or not，it is really a great joy to watch it．
Writing Assignment for
Unit 28
Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a position on the topic“Why Do More And More Women Go In
For Sports Nowadays？”You should write no less than 100 words and you should base your
position on the outline（Given in Chinese）below．
1）妇女开始参加越来越多的体育运动；
2）过去妇女不能参加体育运动的原因；
3）为什么会有越来越多的妇女参加。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第二十九单元 主题句作文Topic Sentence position
29．1 Introduction
This is the most mon position practised in CET…4．Usually the title and the topic
sentences of each paragraph are given．You are required to write exactly according to the title．You must use the given topic
sentences．
Sample Test Item：
Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a position about“Television ”in three paragraphs．
You are given the first sentence of each paragraph an dare required
to develop the idea in pleting the paragraph．Your position should be about 100words，not including the words given． Remember to write clearly．
Television
1）Television
presents a vivid world in front of us．
2）Television
can also play an educational role in our daily life．
3）However，television can also be harmful．
29．2 Analysis and Advice on How to Deal with the Essay
1）Read the directions carefully，and make sure
that you understand the requirements；
2）Find out the relationship between the title and the topic sentences．
From the above analysis，we know that we may use the technique of examples to illustrate the
advantages and disadvantages of television in our daily life．
3）Thoroughly examine the topic sentences，then pick out keywords in each topic sentence；
e．g．The key words of each topic
sentence in the above writing are：“vivid world”，“educational role in daily life”，“harmful”．
4）Find out the relationships between the topic sentences；
From the given topic sentences，we can see that the second topic sentence is a further development
of the first one．The
transitional word“also”shows that the two topic sentences
are parellel．So we have to
write the advantages of television in the first two paragraphs—in the first paragraph，write“vivid world”，while in the second，“educational role”；In the third topic sentence，the transitional word “However”changes the point of view from positive“vivid”，“educational”to negative“harmful”．Thus，we should
write the disadvantages of television in the paragraph．
Model Essay 29…1
Television
Television presents a vivid world in front of us．On television，we can watch exciting football
matches or Olympic marathons．We can“travel”to New York to visit its famous
monuments and museums or to London to attend the royal wedding．We can also“go”to a concert with a cup of coffee in one hand． With a TV set，we can take part in many events
without leaving the house．
Television can also play an