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过渡性规定
93.在其生效日期(或之前)采用本准则所造成的影响,应作为首次采用本准则当期留
存收益期初余额的调整数予以报告。鼓励但不要求企业调整最早列报期间的留存收益期初余
额,并重述比较信息。如果不重述比较信息,应被露该事实。
94.本准则与《国际会计准则第
8号当期净损失、重大错误和会计政策变更》要求的
处理不同,《国际会计准则第
8号》要求重述比较信息(基准处理方法),或按应予披露的重
述基础提供附加的匡算比较信息(允许选用的处理方法)。如果这样做不可行,则属例外。
生效日期
95.本准则对报告期从
1999年
7月
1日或以后开始的财务报表生效。鼓励较早地采用。
如果企业在
1999年
7月
1日之前采用本准则,应披露这事实。
96.本准则替代了《国际会计准则第
10号或有事项和资产负债表日后事项》中涉及
或有事项的规定。
IAS 38: Intangible Assets
IAS 38: Intangible Assets
IAS 38 supersedes:
IAS 4; Depreciation Accounting; with respect to the amortisation (depreciation) of intangible
assets; and
IAS 9; Research and Development Costs。
In 1998; IAS 39: Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement; amended a paragraph
of IAS 38 to replace the reference to IAS 25; Accounting for Investments; by reference to IAS 39。
One SIC Interpretation relates to IAS 38:
SIC 6: Costs of Modifying Existing Software。
Summary of IAS 38
IAS 38 applies to all intangible assets that are not specifically dealt with in other International
Accounting Standards。 It applies; among other things; to expenditures on:
advertising;
training;
start…up; and
research and development (R&D) activities。
IAS 38 supersedes IAS 9; Research and Development Costs。 IAS 38 does not apply to
financial assets; insurance contracts; mineral rights and the exploration for and extraction of
minerals and similar non…regenerative resources。 Investments in; and awareness of the importance
of; intangible assets have increased significantly in the last two decades。
The main features of IAS 38 are:
an intangible asset should be recognised initially; at cost; in the financial statements; if; and
only if:
(a) the asset meets the definition of an intangible asset。 Particularly; there should be an
identifiable asset that is controlled and clearly distinguishable from an enterprise's goodwill;
(b) it is probable that the future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to
the enterprise; and
(c) (c)
This requirement applies whether an intangible asset is acquired externally or generated
internally。 IAS 38 also includes additional recognition criteria for internally generated intangible
assets;
if an intangible item does not meet both the definition; and the criteria for the recognition; of
an intangible asset; IAS 38 requires the expenditure on this item to be recognised as an expense
when it is incurred。 An enterprise is not permitted to include this expenditure in the cost of an
intangible asset at a later date;
it follows from the recognition criteria that all expenditure on research should be recognised as
an expense。 The same treatment applies to start…up costs; training costs and advertising costs。 IAS
38 also specifically prohibits the recognition as assets of internally generated goodwill; brands;
mastheads; publishing titles; customer lists and items similar in substance。 However; some
development expenditure may result in the recognition of an intangible asset (for example; some
internally developed puter software);
in the case of a business bination that is an acquisition; IAS 38 builds on IAS 22: Business
binations; to emphasise that if an intangible item does not meet both the definition and the
criteria for the recognition for an intangible asset; the expenditure for this item (included in the cost
of acquisition) should form part of the amount attributed to goodwill at the date of acquisition。 This
means that; among other things; unlike current practices in certain countries; purchased
R&D…in…process should not be recognised as an expense immediately at the date of acquisition but
it should be recognised as part of the goodwill recognised at the date of acquisition and amortised
under IAS 22; unless it meets the criteria for separate recognition as an intangible asset;
after initial recognition in the financial statements; an intangible asset should be
measured under one of the following two treatments:
(a) benchmark treatment: historical cost less any amortisation and impairment losses; or
(b) allowed alternative treatment: revalued amount (based on fair value) less any subsequent
amortisation and impairment losses。 The main difference from the treatment for revaluations of
property; plant and equipment under IAS 16 is that revaluations for intangible assets are permitted
only if fair value can be determined by reference to an active market。 Active markets are expected
to be rare for intangible assets;
intangible assets should be amortised over the best estimate of their useful life。 IAS 38 does
not permit an enterprise to assign an infinite useful life to an intangible asset。 It includes a
rebuttable presumption that the useful life of an intangible asset will not exceed 20 years from the
date when the asset is available for use。 IAS 38 acknowledges that; in rare cases; there may be
persuasive evidence that the useful life of an intangible asset will exceed 20 years。 In these cases; an
enterprise should amortise the intangible asset over the best estimate of its useful life and:
intangible assets should be amortised over the best estimate of their useful life。 IAS 38 does
not permit an enterprise to assign an infinite useful life to an intangible asset。 It includes a
rebuttable presumption that the useful life of an intangible asset will not exceed 20 years from the
date when the asset is available for use。 IAS 38 acknowledges that; in rare cases; there may be
persuasive evidence that the useful life of an intangible asset will exceed 20 years。 In these cases; an
enterprise should amortise the intangible asset over the best estimate of its useful life and:
(b) disclose the reasons why the presumption that the useful life of an intangible asset will not
exceed 20 years is rebutted and also the factor(s) that played a significant role in determining the
useful life of the asset;
required disclosures on intangible assets will enable users to understand; among other things;
the types of intangible assets that are recognised in the financial statements and the movements in
their carrying amount (book value) during the year。 IAS 38 also requires disclosure of the amount of
research and development expenditure recognised as an expense during the year; and
IAS 38 is operative for annual accounting periods beginning on or after 1 July 1999。 IAS 38
includes transitional provisions that clarify when the Standard should be applied retrospectively and
when it should be applied prospectively。
To avoid creating opportunities for accounting arbitrage in an acquisition by recognising an
intangible asset that is similar in nature to goodwill (such as brands and mastheads) as goodwill
rather than an intangible asset (or vice versa); the amortisation requirements for goodwill in IAS 22:
Business binations are consistent with those of IAS 38。
国际会计准则第
38号无形资产
目的
本准则的目的是对其他国际会计准则中没有具体涉及的无形资产的会计处理进行规范。
本准则要求,当且仅当特定条件满足时,企业应确认无形资产。本准则亦对如何计量无形资
产的账面金额作了规定,并就无形资产的特定放过提出了要求。
产的账面金额作了规定,并就无形资产的特定放过提出了要求。
围
1.本准则应适用于所有企业除以下各项之外的无形资产的会计核算:
(1)由其他国际会计准则规范的无形资产;
(2)《国际会计准则第
32号金融工具:披露和列报》中定义的金融资产;
(3)矿产权,以及矿产、石油、天然气和类似非再生性资源的勘探支出或开发和采掘支
出;
(4)保险公司与保单持有人之间签订的合同所产生的无形资产。
2.如果其他国际会计准则涉及了特定类型的无形资产,那么企业应运用该项准则而不是
本准则。例如,本准则不适用于以下各项无形资产:
(1)企业在正常经营过程中为出售而持有的无形资产(见《国际会计准则第
2号存货》
和《国际会计准则第
11号建造合同》);
(2)递延所得税资产(见《国际会计准则第
12号所得税》);
(3)属于《国际会计准则第
17号租赁》范围内的租赁;
(4)雇员福利所形成的资产(见《国际会计准则第
19号雇员福利》);
(5)企业合并中形成的商誉(见《国际会计准则第
22号企业合并》);
(6)《国际会计准则第
32号金融工具:披露和列报》中定义的金融资产。金融资产的
确认和计量由以下准则规范:《国际会计准则第
27号合并财务报表和对于公司投资的会计》、
《国际会计准则第
28号在联营企业投资的会计》、《国际会计准则第
31号合营中权益的财
务报告》和《国际会计准则第
39号金融工具:确认和计量》。
3.一些无形资产可能会以实物为载体,例如磁盘(对计算机软件而言)、法律文件(对
许可证或专利权而言)或胶片式确定一项包含无形和有形要素的资产应按《国际会计准则第
历号一固定资产》核算,还是作为一项无形资产而按本准则核算,需要进行判断,以评价哪
个要素更重要。例如,一台计算机控制的机械工具没有特定计算机软件就不能正常运行时,
则说明该软件构成相关硬件不可缺少的组成部分,从而该软件应作为固定资产核算。同样的
原则适用于计算机控作系统。如计算机软件不是相关硬件不可缺少的组成部分,则该软件应
作为无形资产核算。
4.本准则还适用于广告、培训、开办活动、研究与开发活动支出等。研究与开发活动的
目标是开发知识。因此,虽然这些活动可能会产生有实物形态的资产(例如,样品),但该资
产的实物要素次于其无形要素(即含在实物要素中的知识)。
5.就融资租赁而言,标的资产可能是有形的,也可能是无形的。初始确认后,承租人应
按本准则的规定核算因融资租赁而持有的无形资产。电影、录相、戏剧、手稿、专利权和版
权等项目的许可证协议中的权利不在《国际会计准则第对号一租赁》范围之内,而在本准则
范围之内。
6.如果某些活动或交易特殊,可能需要用其他方式进行会计处理,那么该活动或交易可
能会被排除出某项国际会计准则的范围。采掘业中因石油、天然气和矿产的勘探或开发和采
掘而发生的支出、保险公司与其保单持有人之间签订的合同就属于上述情况。因此,本准则
不适用于这类活动所发生的支出。但是,本准则适用于采掘业或保险公司使用的其他无形资
产(例如计算机软件)和发生的其他支出(例如开办费用)。
定义
7.本准则中使用的下列术语,其定义为:
无形资产,指为用于商品或劳务的生产或供应、出租给其他单位、或管理目的而持有的、
没有实物形态的、可辨认非货币资产。
资产,指由于过去事项而由企业控制的、预期会导致未来经济利益流入企业的资源。
货币资产,把持有的货币以及将以固定或可确定金融的货币收到的资产。
研究,指为获取积的科学或技术知识而进行的具有创造性和有计划的犯查。
开发,指在开始商业性生产或使用前,待研究成果或发他知识应用于负的或具有实质性
改进的材料、装置、产品、工序、系统或服务的计划或设计。
摊销,相在无形资产的使用年限内系统地分摊其应折旧金额。
应折旧金额,指资产的成本或财务报表中代替成本的其他金额,减去其残位后的余额。
使用年限,指资产预期由企业使用的年限或企业预期从资产的使用中获得的产量或类似
计量单位的数量。
成本,指资产购置或生产时,支付的现金成现金等价物的金额,或其他对价的公允价值。
残值,指在资产使用年限末,减去预计处置成本后,企业预期从资产上获得的净额。
公允价值,指熟悉情况并自愿的双方,在公平交易的基础上进行资产交换或债务结算的
金额。
活跃的市场,指满足以下所有条件的市场:
活跃的市场,指满足以下所有条件的市场:
(2)通常可在任何时候找到自愿的买方和卖方;
(3)价格公开。
减值损失,指资产的账面金额超过其可收回金额的余额。
账面金额,指在资产负债表上确认的资产的金额,减去累计摊销额和累计减值损失后的
余额。
无形资产
8.企业在科学或技术知识、新工序或系统的设计和推广、许可证、知识产权、市场知识
和商标(包括商标名称和报刊名)等无形资源的获得、开发、维护和提高方面,经常会消耗
资源或承担负债。这些大的类别中包括的项目通常有:计算机软件、专利、版权、电影、客
户名单、抵押服务权、捕捞许可证、进口配额、特许权、客户或供应商的关系、客户的信赖、
市场份额和销售权。
9.第
8段中描述的项目并不都满足无形资产的定义,即可辨认性、对资源的控制和存在
未来经济利益。如果本准则涉及的某项目不满足无形资产的定义,那么为获得它或在内部创
造它发生的支出应在发生时确认为费用。但是,如果该项目是在企业购买合并中获得的,那
么它构成购买日所确认商誉的一部分(见第
56段)。
可辨认性
10.无形资产的定义要求无形资产是可辨认的,以便与商誉清楚地区分开来。企业购买
合并中产生的商誉代表了购买者预期商誉将产生未来经济利益而进行的支付。未来经济利益
可能产生于购人的可辨认资产之间的协同作用,也可能产生于那些单项看�